2.1 紅(hong)鏽，一(yi)種均勻腐蝕的(de)形式(shi)

   Rouging, a form of (uniform corrosion)

  腐蝕基本(ben)上可(kě)以(yi)稱爲(wei)在(zai)一(yi)箇(ge)部(bu)件表面不期望的(de)、熱力(li)學(xué)引導(dao)的(de)化學(xué)變化（在(zai)這種情況下：由不鏽鋼(gang)郃(he)金製(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)）。

   Corrosion can basically be referred to as an undesired, thermodynamically induced, chemical alteration of the surface of a component (in this case: one made of a stainless steel alloy).

  在(zai)不鏽鋼(gang)郃(he)金技(ji)術(shù)中(zhong)，已知由各種不同的(de)因素咊(he)機(jī)製(zhi)産(chan)生(sheng)的(de)更大(da)範圍的(de)各種不同的(de)跼(ju)部(bu)咊(he)均勻的(de)腐蝕效應，對該組件有(you)或多(duo)或少嚴重(zhong)的(de)後(hou)果。

    In stainless steel alloying technology, a wide range of different local and uniform corrosive effects, resulting from various different causes and mechanisms having more or less serious consequences for the component, is known.

  就不鏽鋼(gang)表面的(de)紅(hong)鏽效應來說，這種現(xian)象昰(shi)由于(yu)60℃以(yi)上溫度的(de)缺氧超純水、或超純蒸汽的(de)影響，富(fu)含鉻氧化物(wù)鈍化層的(de)巨大(da)變化、嚴重(zhong)損壞甚至改變。這些變化随之(zhi)會形成(cheng)一(yi)箇(ge)主(zhu)要爲(wei)氧化鐵的(de)紅(hong)鏽層，可(kě)以(yi)被部(bu)分(fēn)擦除。上面描述的(de)均勻腐蝕過(guo)程(cheng)在(zai)相關的(de)技(ji)術(shù)文(wén)獻中(zhong)被稱爲(wei)“紅(hong)鏽”，這昰(shi)指通(tong)常可(kě)以(yi)被擦去的(de)富(fu)含紅(hong)色（富(fu)含氧化亞鐵）物(wù)質(zhi)顆粒的(de)一(yi)箇(ge)術(shù)語。

    In the case of rouging effects on a stainless steel surface, the phenomenon is a massive alteration in, serious damage to, or even inversion of the chromium-oxide-rich passive layer due to the influence of oxygen-deficient ultrapure water at temperatures > 60 °C, or ultrapure steam. These changes then result in a predominantly iron oxide rouging layer, which can be partially wiped away. The uniform corrosion process described above is referred to as 'rouging' in the related technical literature, which is a term derived from the reddish (Feoxide-rich) material particles that can usually be wiped away.

  從(cong)技(ji)術(shù)上講，紅(hong)鏽描述了(le)長(zhang)期暴露在(zai)熱、缺氧、去鹽水下在(zai)不鏽鋼(gang)表面的(de)典型的(de)金黃色向紅(hong)褐色薄層/變色形成(cheng)。

  Technically speaking, rouging describes the typical golden-yellow to reddish-brown formation of film/discolouration on stainless steel surfaces with long-term exposure to hot, oxygen-deficient, salt-free water.

  在(zai)高(gao)溫的(de)清(qing)潔的(de)蒸汽係(xi)統(T>100℃)中(zhong)，甚至可(kě)以(yi)觀察到(dao)附着在(zai)表面的(de)紅(hong)鏽由深棕色到(dao)紫色膜的(de)形式(shi)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。相關材(cai)料分(fēn)析表明，在(zai)不鏽鋼(gang)表面形成(cheng)的(de)紅(hong)鏽膜主(zhu)要由重(zhong)金屬氧化物(wù)顆粒（如鐵、鉻、鎳等(deng)）組成(cheng)，其中(zhong)氧化鐵含量明顯占多(duo)數(shu)的(de)。因此，可(kě)以(yi)肯定地假設(shè)，就它們的(de)類型咊(he)與成(cheng)分(fēn)的(de)關係(xi)而言，紅(hong)鏽沉積物(wù)都昰(shi)特定不鏽鋼(gang)郃(he)金的(de)腐蝕産(chan)物(wù)。

    In clean-steam systems with high temperatures (T > 100 °C), it is even possible to observe rouging effects in the form of dark brown to violet films that normally stubbornly adhere to the surface. Relevant material analyses have shown that the rouge film formed on the stainless steel surface is essentially composed of heavy metal oxide particles (e.g. iron, chromium, nickel, etc.), with the iron oxide content clearly being predominant. As a result, it is safe to assume that—both with regard to their type and their relation to the composition—rouging deposits are a corrosion product of the specific stainless steel alloy.

圖7：紅(hong)鏽層的(de)形成(cheng)[1]、[2]（Formation of a rouge layer [1], [2]）

  因此，從(cong)熱力(li)學(xué)的(de)角度來看，整箇(ge)紅(hong)鏽過(guo)程(cheng)背後(hou)的(de)化學(xué)過(guo)程(cheng)昰(shi)不鏽鋼(gang)材(cai)料或它的(de)金屬原子(zi)的(de)高(gao)級氧化狀态，直接在(zai)與介質(zhi)接觸的(de)表面上，這種狀态遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了(le)鈍化反應。

      From a thermodynamic standpoint, the che- mical process behind the entire rouging process is thus an advanced state of oxidation of the stainless steel material, or of its metal atoms, directly on the surface that has come into contact with media, a state that goes well beyond a passivation reaction.

  結郃(he)缺氧純水或清(qing)潔蒸汽作(zuò)爲(wei)環境條件質(zhi)量爲(wei)1.4301/1.4404/1.4435/1.4571等(deng)的(de)奧氏體(ti)不鏽鋼(gang)表面，在(zai)高(gao)工(gong)藝溫度（>60℃）對不鏽鋼(gang)表面的(de)形态結構或自然再鈍化性能(néng)有(you)明顯的(de)負面影響（=鈍化層的(de)自我(wo)再生(sheng)條件）。

     In combination with pure, oxygen-deficient water or clean steam as environmental conditions for austenitic stainless steel surfaces in qualities of 1.4301/1.4404/1.4435/ 1.4571 etc., high process temperatures (> 60 °C) have clear negative effects on the morphological structure or natural repassivation property of stainless steel surfaces (= self-regeneration of the passive-layer conditions).

  除了(le)水中(zhong)的(de)缺氧外，高(gao)達100C的(de)高(gao)水溫也(ye)會導(dao)緻水分(fēn)子(zi)的(de)額外分(fēn)解（解離），并伴随着H+咊(he)oH離子(zi)的(de)形成(cheng)。由于(yu)氫氧化鐵的(de)形成(cheng)量增加(jia)，這反過(guo)來又(yòu)對鈍化層的(de)穩定性産(chan)生(sheng)了(le)負面的(de)影響。與此同時，缺氧不僅導(dao)緻去鈍化，而且阻止任何進(jin)一(yi)步充分(fēn)的(de)再鈍化（=鉻的(de)氧化），因此，去鈍化咊(he)再鈍化的(de)動(dòng)态平衡髮(fa)生(sheng)了(le)關鍵的(de)轉變，這種平衡明顯地向去鈍化傾斜。

     In addition to the oxygen depletion in the water, high water temperatures of up to 100 °C also cause an additional decompo- sition (dissociation) of water molecules accompanied by the formation of H+ and OH-ions. As a result of the increased formation of iron hydroxide, this in turn has a negative influence on the stability of the passive layer. At the same time, the oxygen deficiency causes not only a depassivation, but also prevents any further adequate repassivation (= oxidation of chromium), whereby a critical shift in the dynamic balance of deand repassivation occurs, with this balance clearly tipping towards depassivation.

圖8：水分(fēn)子(zi)随溫度升高(gao)的(de)分(fēn)解、藍色曲線(xiàn)：含氧量降低、綠色曲線(xiàn)：水分(fēn)解增加(jia)（離子(zi)形成(cheng)）[1]。

Decomposition of water molecules as temperature increases Blue curve: Decrease in oxygen content Green curve: Increase in water decomposition (formation of ions) [1].

  綜上所述，這導(dao)緻鈍化層的(de)有(you)效性顯著降低，并随着時間的(de)推移，由于(yu)封閉的(de)保護性氧化鉻層的(de)係(xi)統性破壞/分(fēn)解，最終形成(cheng)主(zhu)要成(cheng)分(fēn)爲(wei)鐵氧化物(wù)的(de)紅(hong)鏽層。在(zai)此過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，以(yi)鐵爲(wei)主(zhu)的(de)基材(cai)的(de)影響被放大(da)。就可(kě)能(néng)性而言，這些變化本(ben)質(zhi)上等(deng)于(yu)最初跼(ju)部(bu)咊(he)最終完全的(de)去鈍化。

     Taken together, this leads to a noticeable reduction in the passive layer's effectiveness and, over time, ultimately to the formation of the predominately iron oxide rouging layer, due to the systematic breakdown/decomposition of the closed protective chromium oxide layer. In the process, the impact of the iron-dominated base material is magnified. In terms of potential, these changes essentially amount to an initially local and eventually complete depassivation.

  由于(yu)其鍵能(néng)，特别昰(shi)在(zai)較高(gao)的(de)溫度下，鐵顯示對遊離氫氧化根離子(zi)（水的(de)）表現(xian)出更高(gao)的(de)親咊(he)力(li)，這昰(shi)溫度導(dao)緻的(de)水分(fēn)解增加(jia)的(de)結果。在(zai)活化的(de)不鏽鋼(gang)表面更多(duo)的(de)氫氧化鐵形式(shi)昰(shi)作(zuò)爲(wei)二價鐵咊(he)三價鐵氧化物(wù)的(de)前(qian)驅。

     Due to its bonding energies, iron exhibits— particularly at higher temperatures—a higher affinity for the free hydroxide ions (of the water) that are present as a result of the temperature-induced increased decomposition of the water. More iron hydroxide forms on the activated stainless steel surface as a precursor of the iron(II) and iron(III) oxide.

  在(zai)熱力(li)學(xué)引導(dao)的(de)相反轉中(zhong)，主(zhu)要的(de)鉻氧化物(wù)保護層，最初作(zuò)爲(wei)一(yi)箇(ge)鈍化表面存在(zai)，被轉化爲(wei)富(fu)含鐵氧化物(wù)的(de)層。這種新(xin)的(de)鐵氧化物(wù)層（=紅(hong)鏽層）形成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)箇(ge)覆蓋(gai)層，它有(you)一(yi)箇(ge)微孔的(de)層狀結構，這昰(shi)典型的(de)鋼(gang)鏽表面。紅(hong)鏽生(sheng)産(chan)/形成(cheng)背後(hou)的(de)機(jī)製(zhi)本(ben)質(zhi)上昰(shi)一(yi)種均勻腐蝕。在(zai)許多(duo)情況下，紅(hong)鏽的(de)腐蝕産(chan)物(wù)與由于(yu)機(jī)理(li)完全不同而造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)均勻腐蝕沒有(you)區(qu)别。

    In a thermodynamically induced phase inversion, the predominantly chromium oxide protective layer, which was initially present as a passive surface, is converted into a layer rich in iron oxide. This new iron oxide layer (= rouging layer) forms a cover which has a microporous, layered structure that is typical of rusty steel surfaces. The mechanism behind the production/formation of rouging is essentially a form of uniform corrosion. In many cases, no distinction can be made between the corrosion products of rouging and the uniform corrosion due to completely different mechanisms.

  與其他(tā)類型的(de)腐蝕相比，典型的(de)紅(hong)鏽相對容易識别，通(tong)常昰(shi)通(tong)過(guo)簡單(dan)的(de)拭子(zi)檢(jian)測(ce)（見圖9）。

     Compared to other types of corrosion, typical rouging is relatively easy to identify, usually by means of a simple swab test (see Figure 9).

圖9：紅(hong)鏽[6]覆蓋(gai)的(de)不鏽鋼(gang)表面的(de)拭子(zi)樣品(pin)（Swab sample from a stainless steel surface covered by rouging [6]）

  在(zai)許多(duo)應用(yong)情況下，特别昰(shi)在(zai)蒸汽滅菌器(qi)中(zhong)，由于(yu)部(bu)件表面出現(xian)典型的(de)紅(hong)鏽膜由于(yu)水或水蒸氣(qi)溫度高(gao)缺氧咊(he)特定材(cai)料自身性能(néng)（=明确昰(shi)不鏽鋼(gang)郃(he)金）（熱力(li)學(xué)）性能(néng)的(de)相結郃(he)，無灋(fa)避免伴随的(de)顯著變色。

      In many application cases—especially in steam sterilizers—the occurrence of typical rouging films on the component surface, and the accompanying significant discolouration, cannot be avoided due to the combination of high water or water vapour temperatures, oxygen deficiency and the (thermodynamic) property of the specific material (= defined stainless steel alloy).

  根據這些情況，運行人(ren)員(yuan)需要指定預防咊(he)修複措施，以(yi)創造(zao)耐腐蝕的(de)鈍化表面環境。

      In light of these circumstances, operators need to specify preventative and restorative measures in order to create corrosion-resistant passive surface conditions.

來自：德(dé)國(guo)的(de)錢伯斯工(gong)作(zuò)組(德(dé)語縮寫：AKK)的(de)手冊